• West Chester Pa Probate •

• John B Whalen Jr Esq •

Text Us Now
AV Peer Review Preeminent
Suburban Life Magazine March 2023

Home • Pa Agents

Pa Agents

West Chester Pa Powers

west-chester-pa-powers-of-attorney-law-firms-lawyers-attorneys

West Chester Pa Powers – Intro

Document Purposes

A Pa Power of Attorney grants your Pa Agent (Fiduciary) the ability to control all of your affairs.

Fiduciary Traits

  • Your Agent should be able and willing, first and foremost.
  • Your Agent should also be levelheaded and familiar.

Common Misconceptions

A common misconception is that a Power of Attorney eliminates your ability to act for yourself.  Quite to the contrary, and until you are deemed to be incapacitated, a Power of Attorney should properly be viewed as a “shared authority.”  After you have executed a Power of Attorney, you still retain all of the powers and decision-making abilities that you possessed beforehand, including the power to revoke the Power of Attorney.

Another common misconception is that your Agent needs your permission to act.  Quite to the contrary, a Power of Attorney is a very powerful document.  It permits your Agent the broadest of powers to do anything that you could have done (i.e., give all of your money away), and, inherent in the broad powers that your Agent possesses is the possibility – the extremely real possibility – that your Agent under your Power of Attorney may actually do anything that you could have done (i.e., give all your money away).

West Chester Pa Powers of Attorney Lawyers – Intro

Pa Powers of Attorney are documents that convey legal authority (to the Pa Principal) to act in the name of another person (Pa Agent) for his or her health and welfare.

A Pa Power of Attorney can grant broad authority or be very limited in scope. I help you prepare for contingencies based on the specific circumstances surrounding you and your loved one. However, generally speaking, powers of attorney address three main areas of concern:

West Chester Pa Powers of Attorney Lawyers – Financial management

When your loved one is incapacitated, bills and taxes still come due. Your loved one may have financial assets, such as stocks, stock options, bonds, or royalties, which require oversight. Having the authority to manage your loved one’s finances if necessary provides greater financial security. Older adults who are forgetful or susceptible to phone scams can also benefit from a loved one overseeing their bank accounts.

To protect your loved ones, you need clear legal authority to make decisions if they are unable to do so. John B. Whalen, Jr. Esq. can help you draft and execute Pa Power of Attorney documents so you can be certain about your authority when a loved one needs you most.

Small business owners and individuals involved in litigation are faced with numerous choices. These decisions, which must often be made on a daily basis, can have serious consequences. Even if your loved one is not ready to step away from day-to-day management of business and legal matters, executing power of attorney is a prudent contingency plan.

West Chester Pa Powers of Attorney Lawyers – Authority to make medical decisions.

When a medical crisis strikes, many families are unsure about the extent of lifesaving treatment the injured or ill person would have wanted. Every adult should have a medical directive explaining their wishes clearly and specifying someone to carry out their desires when they can’t communicate.

West Chester Pa Powers of Attorney Lawyers – Reluctant Seniors

Sudden illness or injury can leave anyone totally incapacitated. Or, the infirmities of age can compromise an older adult’s ability to fully function independently. Under such circumstances, concerned loved ones may feel compelled to act, but may lack the legal authority to do so. This can delay essential care, threatening your loved one’s health and welfare when he or she is most vulnerable.

It can be difficult to talk to a senior loved one about the need for power of attorney documents. Many are loathe to admit they may need assistance, especially from their children, and are uncomfortable even considering a reversal of roles which puts them under their children’s authority. I am very familiar with this dynamic, and can advise you on effective ways to broach the subject with your elder loved ones.

Contact a reliable lawyer for Pa Powers of Attorney that protect your loved ones

A loved one’s illness, injury or infirmity can leave them vulnerable to financial losses and serious threats to their health. A carefully drafted power of attorney can give you and your loved one greater peace of mind.

West Chester Pa Probate Guide

The West Chester Pa Attorneys Guide is the core of this website. It consists of the best, most important articles, posts, and pages on this website. Their focus is to provide the best and most complete information on a particular topic, rather than to sell my services.

John B. Whalen, Jr., JD., LL.M., is an AV Peer Review Rated Preeminent 5.0 and Avvo Rated 10.0 Superb (obtaining over 95 client reviews and peer endorsements) premier and prestigious Attorney and Counselor at Law.

He is featured on Avvo, Justia, Lawyers, LinkedIn, Martindale, Nolo, Quora, and Thumbtack. He is located at 696 Pont Reading Road, Ardmore, Pa, 19003. He serves all surrounding counties, on all 7 days, from 9:00 AM to 10:00 PM, and on evenings, weekends, and holidays. He provides free initial consults all seven days, provides home visits, and provides flat fee structures. He can be reached by email at [email protected], and by telephone at 1-610-999-2157.

Mr. Whalen has achieved the AV Peer Review Rated Preeminent award from Martindale, AV Peer Judicial Preeminent award, the Avvo Rated Superb 10.00 award, the Avvo Rated Top Lawyer award, the Clients’ Choice Award, and the Top One Percent (1%) award. He is the recipient of the Legum Magister Post-Doctorate Degree (LL.M.) in Taxation (from the Villanova University School of Law), a recipient of the American Jurisprudence Award in Wills, Trusts, and Estates (from the Widener University School of Law), and a recipient of the ABA-BNA Law Award for Academic Excellence (from the Widener University School of Law).

Can I Sue My West Chester Pa Power of Attorney

can-I-sue-a-west-chester-pa-power-of-attorney

Can I Sue My West Chester Pa Power of Attorney? – Intro

I explained in West Chester Pa Powers of Attorney Lawyers that Wayne Pa Powers of Attorney are documents that convey legal authority (to the Pa Principal) to act in the name of another person (Pa Agent) for his or her health and welfare. A Wayne Pa Power of Attorney can grant broad authority or be very limited in scope. Unfortunately, there is so much fraud involved in their usage today.

Can I Sue My West Chester Pa Power of Attorney? – Challenge

I have explained in West Chester Pa Beneficiary Lawyers, I have represented thousands of beneficiaries during my decades as an Estate Attorney. I can provide the necessary advice to protect your rights in nearly any Pa Estate, Pa Trust, and/or Pa Power of Attorney planning matter. If you suspect that a Pa Last Will, a Pa Trust, and/or a Pa Power of Attorney does not reflect the wishes of the deceased, you have a right to challenge the proceedings in court via a Wayne Pa Model Court Accounting. As I stated – and I cannot emphasize this enough – the fraud virtually amounts to outright stealing.

Can I Sue My West Chester Pa Power of Attorney? – Document Purposes

A Pa Power of Attorney grants your Pa Agent (Fiduciary) the ability to control all of your affairs. Pa Powers of Attorney are documents that convey legal authority (to the Pa Principal) to act in the name of another person (Pa Agent) for his or her health and welfare.

It is a very powerful document; it permits your Pa Agent the broadest of powers to do anything that you could have done (i.e., give all of your money away). Yet, inherent in the broad powers that your Pa Agent possesses is the possibility – the extremely real possibility – that your Agent under your Power of Attorney may actually do anything that you could have done (i.e., give all your money away).

Can I Sue My West Chester Pa Power of Attorney? – Fiduciary Traits

  • Your Agent should be able and willing, first and foremost.
  • Your Agent should also be levelheaded and familiar.

Can I Sue My West Chester Pa Power of Attorney? – Common Misconceptions

A common misconception is that a Power of Attorney eliminates your ability to act for yourself.  Quite to the contrary, and until you are deemed to be incapacitated, a Power of Attorney should properly be viewed as a “shared authority.”  After you have executed a Power of Attorney, you still retain all of the powers and decision-making abilities that you possessed beforehand, including the power to revoke the Power of Attorney.

Another common misconception is that your Agent needs your permission to act.  Quite to the contrary, a Power of Attorney is a very powerful document.  It permits your Agent the broadest of powers to do anything that you could have done (i.e., give all of your money away), and, inherent in the broad powers that your Agent possesses is the possibility – the extremely real possibility – that your Agent under your Power of Attorney may actually do anything that you could have done (i.e., give all your money away).

A Pa Power of Attorney can grant broad authority or be very limited in scope. I help you prepare for contingencies based on the specific circumstances surrounding you and your loved one. However, generally speaking, powers of attorney address three main areas of concern:

Can I Sue My West Chester Pa Power of Attorney? – Notice Provision Requirement

The following shows – in capital letters – what is required by a Wayne Pa Agent under a Pa Power of Attorney. I must emphasize that it states that “YOUR AGENT MUST KEEP YOUR FUNDS SEPARATE FROM YOUR AGENT’S FUNDS.”

west-chester-pa-power-of-attorney-notice-lawyers-attorneys-lawyers-law-firms

Can I Sue My West Chester Pa Power of Attorney? – Acknowledgement Provision Requirement

Again, the following shows – in capital letters – what is required by a Wayne Pa Agent under a Pa Power of Attorney. I must emphasize that it states that “I SHALL KEEP THE ASSETS OF THE PRINCIPAL SEPARATE FROM MY FUNDS.”

west-chester-pa-power-of-attorney-acknowledgement-lawyers-attorneys-lawyers-law-firms

Can I Sue My Wayne Pa Power of Attorney? – Accountings by Agents, Powers of Attorney

A Pa Durable General Power of Attorney gives an “Agent” power to manage assets. An interested person can Compel the Agent to file a Formal Accounting, explaining every action taken and justifying every expense. In the alternative, in order to obtain a release of liability, an Agent can Assemble, Submit and Defend a Formal Accounting.

Can I Sue My Wayne Pa Power of Attorney? – Assembling, Submitting and Defending Accountings for Agents

If you served as an Agent you would be wise to receive a legal release for your service. First of all, long after you have completed your duties the court might force you to file a Formal Accounting if you have no release.

Further, it is better to file your Accounting when you still have the funds to pay for the costs. Delaying may prove costly. Especially relevant, you will personally shoulder the cost to assemble and defend the Formal Accounting.

Has a Beneficiary has obtained a court order compelling you to account? If so, it would be wise to have the Formal Accounting prepared and defended by an experienced Probate and Estates Accounting Lawyer. If you are unprepared, the judge could surcharge you for any amount you cannot properly explain.

Can I Sue My Collegeville Pa Power of Attorney? – Compelling A Wayne Pa Agent To Account

Are you are an interested person who believes an Pa Agent has abused their powers? If so, you may have your experienced Probate and Estates Accounting Lawyer file a Petition forcing the Agent to file a Formal Accounting.

Once filed, the interested parties may Contest and Object to the Accounting. If the judge believes the Agent’s actions wrongfully reduced the estate, then the judge may surcharge the Agent. If the Agent cannot recover the funds, the Agent must replenish the estate with the Agent’s own funds.

Can I Sue My Collegeville Pa Power of Attorney? – Accountings by Agents, Powers of Attorney

A Durable General Power of Attorney gives an “Agent” power to manage assets. An interested person can Compel the Agent to file a Formal Accounting, explaining every action taken and justifying every expense. In the alternative, in order to obtain a release of liability, an Agent can Assemble, Submit and Defend a Formal Accounting.

Can I Sue My Collegeville Pa Power of Attorney? – Assembling, Submitting and Defending Accountings for Agents.

If you served as a Wayne Pa Agent you would be wise to receive a legal release for your service. First of all, long after you have completed your duties the court might force you to file a Formal Accounting if you have no release.

Further, it is better to file your Accounting when you still have the funds to pay for the costs. Delaying may prove costly. Especially relevant, you will personally shoulder the cost to assemble and defend the Formal Accounting.

Has a Beneficiary has obtained a court order compelling you to account? If so, it would be wise to have the Formal Accounting prepared and defended by an experienced Accounting Lawyer. If you are unprepared, the judge could surcharge you for any amount you cannot properly explain.

Can I Sue My Collegeville Pa Power of Attorney? – The Pa Statute

In Pennsylvania your duties as agent are specified in the Probate, Estates and Fiduciaries Code. The specific section can be found at Title 20, Chapter 56, Powers of Attorney. Although this section contains all of the rules that apply to Pa Powers of Attorney, the areas I am focusing on in this post are your duties that apply to you as a Pa Agent.

Section 5601.3 of the law (20 Pa. C.S.A. §5601.3) lays out your duties when you are acting as someone’s agent under a Pa Power off Attorney.

  1. (a)  General rule.–Notwithstanding any provision in the power of attorney, an agent that has accepted appointment shall:
    1. (1)  [ … ]
    2. (2)  Act in good faith.
    3. (3)  [ … ]
  2. (b)  Other duties.–Except as otherwise provided in the power of attorney, an agent that has accepted appointment shall:
    • (1)  Act loyally for the principal’s benefit.
      • (1.1)  Keep the agent’s funds separate from the principal’s funds unless:
        • (i)  the funds were not kept separate as of the date of the execution of the power of attorney; or
        • (ii)  the principal commingles the funds after the date of the execution of the power of attorney and the agent is the principal’s spouse.
    • (2)  [ … ]
    • (3)  Act with the care, competence and diligence ordinarily exercised by agents in similar circumstances.
    • (4)  Keep a record of all receipts, disbursements and transactions made on behalf of the principal.
    • (5) [ … ]
    • (6) [ … ]

Although I omitted a few provisions of Section 5601.3, the focus of this post was to explain that commingling of assets will most likely create many problems for you. And be sure you read the power of attorney document and understand your duties and responsibilities before you start to act on behalf of your principal. If there is anything you don’t understand, get legal advice up-front not after the fact.

Can I Sue My Collegeville Pa Power of Attorney? – Conclusion

Pennsylvania law provides that Pa Agents can be called to account for their actions under Pa Powers of Attorney. You may have financial liability if you are unable to adequately demonstrate the propriety of your actions.

West Chester Pa Probate Guide

The West Chester Pa Attorneys Guide is the core of this website. It consists of the best, most important articles, posts, and pages on this website. Their focus is to provide the best and most complete information on a particular topic, rather than to sell my services.

John B. Whalen, Jr., JD., LL.M., is an AV Peer Review Rated Preeminent 5.0 and Avvo Rated 10.0 Superb (obtaining over 95 client reviews and peer endorsements) premier and prestigious Attorney and Counselor at Law. He is located at 696 Pont Reading Road Ardmore Pa 19003. He serves all surrounding counties, on all 7 days, from 9:00 AM to 10:00 PM, and on evenings, weekends, and holidays. He provides free initial consults all seven days, provides home visits, and provides flat fee structures. He can be reached by email at [email protected], and by telephone at 1-484-417-6244. He has amassed over 60 prestigious and premier professional awards and over 5000 client reviews and endorsements. Mr. Whalen has achieved the AV Peer Review Rated Preeminent award from Martindale, AV Peer Judicial Preeminent award, the Avvo Rated Superb 10.00 award, the Avvo Rated Top Lawyer award, the Clients’ Choice Award, and the Top One Percent (1%) award. He is the recipient of the Legum Magister Post-Doctorate Degree (LL.M.) in Taxation (from the Villanova University School of Law), a recipient of the American Jurisprudence Award in Wills, Trusts, and Estates (from the Widener University School of Law), and a recipient of the ABA-BNA Law Award for Academic Excellence (from the Widener University School of Law).

West Chester Pa Probate – Lightning

west_chester_pa_probate_warnings_attorneys_lawyers_law_firms

West Chester Pa Probate – Lightning

The difference between the almost right word and the right word is really a large matter – it’s the difference between the lightning bug and the lightning.” (Mark Twain).

West Chester Pa Probate – Lightning – Tax Returns

Whether you are a

  • Pa Agent (under a Pa Power of Attorney),
  • Pa Surrogate (under a Pa Living Will),
  • Pa Trustee (under a Pa Trust), and/o
  • Pa Executor (under a Pa Last Will),

you will ultimately be responsible for any and all problems, mistakes, and unpaid taxes.

Please also be aware that, when it comes to tax returns that were not filed, there is no statute of limitations – meaning that you could receive notice that taxes were due, but not paid, and are still currently due at any time.

West Chester Pa Probate – Lightning – Lawyers Representation

Lastly, and most importantly, if you retained a professional (i.e., a lawyer, an accountant, etc.), call that professional and ask them what is the status of anything with which they assisted you. They should be able to give you accurate, precise, and immediate answers to any of your concerns. If they do not, please be forewarned. You may want to seek assistance elsewhere.

In keeping with Mark Twain’s quote, let’s try to separate the lightning bugs from the lightning.

Please contact me if you have any questions.

Thank you.

John B. Whalen, Jr., Esq.

John B. Whalen, Jr., JD., LL.M., is an AV Peer Review Rated Preeminent 5.0 and Avvo Rated 10.0 Superb (obtaining over 95 client reviews and peer endorsements) premier and prestigious Attorney and Counselor at Law. He is located at 696 Pont Reading Road Ardmore Pa 19003. He serves all surrounding counties, on all 7 days, from 9:00 AM to 10:00 PM, and on evenings, weekends, and holidays. He provides free initial consults all seven days, provides home visits, and provides flat fee structures. He can be reached by email at [email protected], and by telephone at 1-484-417-6244. He has amassed over 60 prestigious and premier professional awards and over 5000 client reviews and endorsements. Mr. Whalen has achieved the AV Peer Review Rated Preeminent award from Martindale, AV Peer Judicial Preeminent award, the Avvo Rated Superb 10.00 award, the Avvo Rated Top Lawyer award, the Clients’ Choice Award, and the Top One Percent (1%) award. He is the recipient of the Legum Magister Post-Doctorate Degree (LL.M.) in Taxation (from the Villanova University School of Law), a recipient of the American Jurisprudence Award in Wills, Trusts, and Estates (from the Widener University School of Law), and a recipient of the ABA-BNA Law Award for Academic Excellence (from the Widener University School of Law).

West Chester Pa Estates

West Chester Pa Practice Areas

John provides a full range of services for Pa Wills: drafting, review, amendment, revocation, execution and probate. He provides reliable guidance for testators and executors.

His experience in the probate court enables him to provide practical advice for testators from all walks of life. His work with the formation of wills gives us insight into how executors should interpret various aspects of a will.

Whether you are a testator formulating an estate plan or an executor implementing a decedent’s wishes, John B. Whalen, Jr. Esq. can simplify many complex aspects of the tasks before you.

John offers pertinent legal advice to obtain the results you need in a timely manner with the least stress possible. Once executed, your will remains your final statement of your intentions until you amend or revoke it.

He recommends reviewing your will every three to five years and updating it to reflect your current wishes.

West Chester Pa Beneficiary Lawyers

There are many factors that can affect the distribution of estate assets. In some cases, there may be a Pa Will – in other cases, there may not be a Will. In still other cases, there may be a dispute involving the administration of the estate. For example, a beneficiary may disagree with how the executor or personal representative is distributing assets.

West Chester Pa Estate Administration Lawyers

Pa Estate Administration is the process of settling a decedent’s affairs. When a loved one passes away, it can be an emotional time. In addition to grieving their passing, those that survive them must tie up all the legal and financial loose ends related to their life and estate. This includes addressing their Pa Last Will and following its instructions.

West Chester Pa Estate Lawyers

Pa Estate law comprises many areas of law. However, all of these areas of law focus on taking care of one’s person and property. Estate law is all of the laws that impact how a person makes decisions about their affairs. A Pa Estate is anything that makes up a person’s net worth. Very simply, an estate is what a person has in their own name alone.

West Chester Pa Estate Litigation Lawyers

Most estates are settled easily. Yet there are times when other factors complicate the issue, creating a situation that requires more careful consideration. For example, a family business, an estate that is in bankruptcy, or an estate with significant real estate may become complicated quite quickly. This is where estate litigation comes into play.

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Lawyers

An attorney who specializes in Pennsylvania Estate Planning can help you create a plan (including Pa Last Wills, Pa Powers of Attorney, and Pa Living Wills, etc.) to protect you if you become unable to manage your financial affairs.

Pennsylvania Estate Planning allows you to make decisions now so your wishes can be carried out when you die (or become incapacitated).

West Chester Pa Powers of Attorney Lawyers

When you execute a legal document called a power of attorney, you are authorizing another individual to make certain decisions on your behalf. The person who signs the document is called the “Principal” – the person who is authorized to make decisions is called as the “Agent.”

West Chester Pa Living Wills Lawyers

Living Wills are also referred to as an advance directive or a health care directive. They are legal documents that communicate your desire in the event that you are unable to speak for you. They do not go into effect unless you are incapacitated and unable to express yourself.

West Chester Pa Trusts Lawyers

Trusts are legal documents that allow you to control how your assets will be allocated or managed. You are considered the grantor and the person that manages and distributes assets in the trust is known as the trustee. Individuals who receive money or other assets are the beneficiaries.

Property placed in a trust, unlike wills, is not subject to probate. You can also create a revocable trust which can be canceled or revoked at any time while you are alive. Trusts can be set up for a child’s education or to reduce estate taxes.

West Chester Pa Last Wills Lawyers

A Will is an important document to execute in order to avoid disputes about how your assets will be divided when you die. The executor who administers the distribution of assets from your estate will allocate your possessions as you specified. You should periodically review your Will to make sure it is still relevant and accurate. Life changing events, such as the birth of a child or a marriage, may require amendments to the original document.

West Chester Pa Last Wills Contests Lawyers

A loved one’s legacy can ease the pain of loss by reminding heirs of a departed family member’s enduring love. However, when questions arise about the validity of a will or the management of an estate, uncertainty can prevent closure.

West Chester Pa Estate Litigation Lawyers

Most estates, especially when there is a proper will in place, are easily settled. Yet there are times when other factors complicate the issue, creating a situation that requires more careful consideration. As an example, a family business, an estate that is in bankruptcy or an estate that holds significant amounts of real estate may become complicated. This is where estate litigation comes into play.

West Chester Pa Estate Taxation Lawyers

When an individual acts in a fiduciary capacity (i.e., a Pa Executor of a Pa Last Will or a Pa Trustee of financial assets), they must keep accurate records.

Those records should show how money was spent, invested or distributed while under the fiduciary’s care and control.

Proper accounting can bring to light the mismanagement or bad investment of funds should an issue arise with an interested party.

West Chester Pa Guardianships Lawyers

The Pa Guardianship process can be filled with emotions. Realizing that a loved one is no longer capable of caring for his or her self can be difficult to accept. For the past twenty-five (25) years, Attorney Whalen has built a reputation for providing compassionate legal care for his clients, putting their needs and interests first while navigating emotionally trying circumstances.

West Chester Pa Probate Law Lawyers

The Pa Probate process, itself, is a very simple process. However, it is merely the beginning of the Pa Estate Administration process. Pennsylvania Estate Administration involves the settling a decedent’s affairs, and can (and does) involve many other steps.

West Chester Pa Probate Guide

The West Chester Pa Attorneys Guide is the core of this website. It consists of the best, most important articles, posts, and pages on this website. Their focus is to provide the best and most complete information on a particular topic – not to sell services.

John B. Whalen, Jr., JD., LL.M., is an AV Peer Review Rated Preeminent 5.0 and Avvo Rated 10.0 Superb. He has obtained over 95 client reviews and peer endorsements premier and prestigious Attorney and Counselor at Law.

Mr. Whalen is featured on AV Peer Review Rated Preeminent 5.0, Avvo Rated 10.0 Superb, Avvo, Justia, Lawyers, Martindale, Nolo, Quora, and Thumbtack.

John is located at 118 Westdale Road, Upper Darby, Pa., 19082. He serves all surrounding counties, on all 7 days, from 9:00 AM to 10:00 PM. His office is open on all evenings, weekends, and holidays.

Mr. Whalen provides free initial consults all seven days, provides home visits, and provides flat fee structures. He can be reached by email at [email protected], and by telephone at 1-610-999-2157.

John has amassed over 60 prestigious and premier professional awards and over 5000 client reviews and endorsements. Mr. Whalen has achieved the AV Peer Review Rated Preeminent award from Martindale. He has also received the AV Peer Judicial Preeminent award.

John has also received the Avvo Rated Superb 10.00 award; the Avvo Rated Top Lawyer award; the Clients’ Choice Award; and the Top One Percent (1%) award.

John is the recipient of the Legum Magister Post-Doctorate Degree (LL.M.) in Taxation (from the Villanova University School of Law). John is also the recipient of the American Jurisprudence Award – which was awarded for Wills, Trusts, and Estates, and by the Widener University School of Law.

He is also the recipient of the ABA-BNA Law Award for Academic Excellence (from the Widener University School of Law).

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide

west-chester-pa-estate-planning-attorneys-guide

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide – Intro

The West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide explains how the best gift you can give your loved ones is to have your Pa Estate Planning complete. Unfortunately, to a great extent, misinformation about critical terms such as Pa Inheritance Tax, Federal Estate tax, Pa Probate, avoiding probate, simple will, and Pa Living Trust, tends to lead to misunderstandings of estate planning. These misunderstandings, in turn, tend to lead to mistakes in estate planning. These mistakes, again, in turn, tend to lead to unintended results after one’s death. In an effort to eliminate such misinformation, misunderstandings, and mistakes, this article will hopefully serve as a review – in very simple terms – of the basic, core issues of estate planning and its basic documents.

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide – The Summary

There are four primary documents that tend to form the foundation of most good estate plans. These documents are a

  • Pa Power of Attorney,
  • Pa Advance Directive for Health Care (a Pa Living Will),
  • Pa Last Will, and (at, times)
  • Pa Trust

Although each document has a different purpose, each document designates someone who is responsible for carrying out the wishes set forth in the document.

I refer to these people – those in charge – as “The Bosses.

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide – The Bosses

Each document has a boss who is in charge of carrying out the terms of that particular document. Under Pennsylvania law, the proper terms for the bosses are:

  • Pa Agent (under a Pa Power of Attorney),
  • Pa Surrogate (under a Pa Living Will),
  • Pa Executor (under a Pa Last Will),
  • Pa Trustee (under a Pa Trust).

Although a technical knowledge of these terms can be useful, it is not the point of this article. The focus is to illustrate that an Agent, a Surrogate, an Executor, and a Trustee are just the bosses of that respective document.

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide – The Powers

Each boss has powers, and these powers can be summarized very simply.

  • Pa Agent (under a Power of Attorney) can help manage all of your affairs
  • Pa Surrogate (under a Pa Living Will) can ensure your end of life decisions.
  • Pa Executor (under a Pa Last Will) can administer your Pa Estate
  • Pa Trustee (under a Pa Trust) can monitor and manage your Pa Trust.

Again, and although a technical knowledge of the parameters of these various powers can be useful, it is not the point of this article. The focus is to illustrate that a Pa Agent, a Pa Surrogate, a Pa Executor, and a Pa Trustee can generally possess broad powers to act for you under that respective document.

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide – The Traits

Although all four of the documents require bosses that possess certain traits or characteristics in order for that document to be as effective as possible, I have experienced that two traits should be inherent in all of the bosses of all four of the documents

  • Ability
  • Willingness.

Although the bosses of each of the documents should also possess additional traits for that particular document to be effective (all of which shall be addressed later), unless your boss is able and willing to act on your behalf, your desires and wishes may not be followed.

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide – The Documents

There are four primary documents that tend to form the foundation of most good estate plans. A succinct review of each, and the misunderstandings of each, follows.

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide – Powers of Attorney

A West Chester Pa Power of Attorney can grant your boss (Pa Agent) the ability to control all of your affairs. It is a very powerful document; it can permit your Pa Agent the broadest of powers to do anything which you could have done (i.e., give all your money away), but yet, inherent in these broad powers, is the reality that your Pa Agent may actually do anything which you could have done (i.e., give all your money away).

A Pa Power of Attorney can be durable (effective after you are incapacitated), current (effective now), or springing (effective upon the happening of a future event (i.e., the decision by your treating physician that you can no longer act for yourself).

A common misconception is that a Pa Power of Attorney eliminates your ability to act for yourself. Quite to the contrary, and until you are deemed incapacitated, a Pa Power of Attorney should properly be viewed as a shared authority – you still retain all of the powers and decision making ability that you possessed before you executed the Pa Power of Attorney.

With respect to additional traits that your boss should possess (in addition to being able and willing), I have found that your boss (Agent) should also be:

  • Levelheaded
  • Familiar with your affairs.

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide – Living Wills

A Pa Advance Directive for Health Care can grant your boss (Pa Surrogate) the ability to execute your end of life decisions and decide whether life-sustaining measures should be used. The common misconception of this document is when it will become operative.

There are two triggers that must occur before your Surrogate is even given the option of acting: the first is that you must be unable to communicate your own decisions, and the second is that you must have been diagnosed with a terminal condition or as being permanently unconscious With respect to additional traits that your boss should possess (in addition to being able and willing), I have found that your boss (Surrogate) should also be:

  • Stoic
  • Strong.

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide – Last Wills

A Pa Last Will can grant your boss (Executor) the ability to administer your Estate.

The most common misconception that surrounds a Pa Will is the process called Pa Probate and the seemingly universal theme that it should be avoided at all costs.

Again, and virtually to the contrary, the word probate is merely the Latin infinitive verb that means to prove, and, although some states do have onerous probate procedures (where the avoidance of probate may be a prudent strategy), Pennsylvania is not one of those states. In fact, probating a Will in Pennsylvania is very simple.

Also very important is the fact that a Will only disposes of the assets (1) that you own in your individual name alone and (2) that possess no beneficiary designations (i.e., no tags). Consequently, items owned jointly with another are controlled by property law (not Will law) and will pass to the joint owner(s) at your death, and items that have beneficiary designations will be controlled by contract law (not Will law) and pass to the designated beneficiaries at your death. With respect to additional traits that your boss should possess (in addition to being able and willing), I have found that your boss (Executor) should also be

  • Honest
  • Diplomatic. 

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide – Trusts

A Pa Trust can grant your boss (Pa Trustee) the ability to monitor and manage your Pa Trust. The types of Trusts can be viewed simply as being either (1) revocable (which are created during your life and which become irrevocable upon your death), (2) irrevocable (which are created during your life and become irrevocable upon their creation), and (3) and testamentary (which are created under your Will and which become irrevocable upon your death

Vital is the fact that they can be extremely useful for individuals with Special Needs (i.e., autism, addictions, minors, etc). With respect to additional traits that your boss should possess (in addition to being able and willing), I have found that your boss (Trustee) should also be

  • Attentive
  • Decisive.

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide – Taxes

Another area of misconception in the estate planning area is the taxes that are imposed on value of your assets on the date of your death. Basically, two death taxes can be imposed on Pennsylvania residents:

  • Federal Estate Tax and the
  • Pa Pennsylvania Inheritance Tax.

Unlike the income tax, which is very descriptive in its title as it is imposed upon your income, the phrases Federal Estate Tax and Pa Inheritance Tax are misnomers that may tend to belie the actual fact that these are taxes imposed by virtue of your death.

Federal Estate Tax

The Federal Estate Tax begins at a wealth threshold. If you possess less than the wealth threshold at your death, the federal estate tax will not be applicable. If it is applicable, the tax is imposed on a percentage scale according to the amount of wealth (i.e., potentially 47% of the value of your assets above the current $1,500,000. 00 wealth threshold). This threshold has been, is, and is scheduled to continue to increase. In 2005, the threshold is $1,500,000. 00; in 2006, 2007, and 2008, the threshold is $2,000,000. 00; in 2009, the threshold is $3,500,000.00; in 2010, the Federal Estate Tax is scheduled to be eliminated; but in 2011, the Federal Estate Tax is scheduled to return with a threshold of $1,000,000.00.

Pa Inheritance Tax

The Pennsylvania Inheritance Tax has no wealth threshold and starts immediately. It is imposed on a percentage based on the relationship of the beneficiary.

  • 00.00% = Spouses and Charities;
  • 04.50% = Lineal Descendants;
  • 12.00% = Siblings; and
  • 15.00% = Collaterals (everyone else).

West Chester Pa Estate Planning Guide – Pointers

In conclusion, there are four basic pointers for all who are faced with estate planning.

  • First – title your assets with the utmost care (i.e., joint ownership, beneficiary designations, etc.)
  • Second – with respect to transferring your assets (i.e., re-titling, gifting, etc) during your lifetime, get advice before you do so (before the bombs go off).
  • Third – always have your estate planning documents up-to-date because laws, taxes, and people change.
  • Fourth – and most importantly – pick your bosses very carefully.

West Chester Pa Probate Guide

The West Chester Pa Attorneys Guide is the core of this website. It consists of the best, most important articles, posts, and pages on this website. Their focus is to provide the best and most complete information on a particular topic, rather than to sell my services.

John B. Whalen, Jr., JD., LL.M., is an AV Peer Review Rated Preeminent 5.0 and Avvo Rated 10.0 Superb (obtaining over 95 client reviews and peer endorsements) premier and prestigious Attorney and Counselor at Law. He is located at 696 Pont Reading Road Ardmore Pa 19003. He serves all surrounding counties, on all 7 days, from 9:00 AM to 10:00 PM, and on evenings, weekends, and holidays. He provides free initial consults all seven days, provides home visits, and provides flat fee structures. He can be reached by email at [email protected], and by telephone at 1-484-417-6244. He has amassed over 60 prestigious and premier professional awards and over 5000 client reviews and endorsements. Mr. Whalen has achieved the AV Peer Review Rated Preeminent award from Martindale, AV Peer Judicial Preeminent award, the Avvo Rated Superb 10.00 award, the Avvo Rated Top Lawyer award, the Clients’ Choice Award, and the Top One Percent (1%) award. He is the recipient of the Legum Magister Post-Doctorate Degree (LL.M.) in Taxation (from the Villanova University School of Law), a recipient of the American Jurisprudence Award in Wills, Trusts, and Estates (from the Widener University School of Law), and a recipient of the ABA-BNA Law Award for Academic Excellence (from the Widener University School of Law).

West Chester Pa USA PATRIOT Act Privacy Rules

west-chester-pa-usa-patriot-act-privacy-rules-lawyers-attorneys

Media Pa USA PATRIOT Act Privacy Rules

Less than two months after September 11th, President Bush signed the USA PATRIOT Act. The USA PATRIOT (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (the “U.S.A. P.A.T.R.I.O.T.” Act), announced a wide range of new tools to strengthen the U.S. economic system from, in addition to many other things, money laundering, terrorist financing, identity theft, and fraud. Among the tools of the USA PATRIOT Act was Section 326, which virtually overhauled the account-opening process at financial institutions.  Section 326 required that the Treasury Department establish minimum standards with which financial institutions must strictly comply in order to open new accounts.  This note will outline a brief history and a few aspects of Section 326 with which we are all now faced.

Media Pa USA PATRIOT Act Privacy Rules – The History

On July 23, 2002, the Treasury Department issued the Proposed Rules for Section 326, which received overwhelming criticism from all interests.  The criticism ranged from one side advocating for a rule containing an entirely risk-based approach without any minimum identification and verification requirements, to the opposing side desiring a rule with more specific requirements [because a completely] risk-based approach would leave too much room for interpretation.  The overwhelming sentiment from all sides, however, was that the Treasury Department had underestimated the compliance burden that would be imposed on financial institutions.

On April 30, 2003, the Treasury Department adopted the Joint Final Rule for Section 326, which attempted to both increase the verification effectiveness for new accounts and decrease the needless drain on financial institutions.  Changes from the Proposed Rules to the Joint Final Rule included a narrowed definition of customer (i.e., by excluding signatories on accounts) and redefined record-keeping requirements (i.e., by requiring only notations from, not copies of, identity-verifying documents such as driver’s licenses).  Most notably, the Joint Final Rule implemented the Customer Identity Program (C.I.P.) rules.

On October 1, 2003, the C.I.P. rules became mandatory, which dictated that [a]ll financial institutions, regardless of size, have a CIP that contains customer identification and verification procedures.

Media Pa USA PATRIOT Act Privacy Rules – The Purpose

The purpose of a C.I.P. is to ensure that financial institutions know the true identity of those opening accounts.  Each institution’s C.I.P should be risk-based, and should be an integrated part of its Bank Secrecy Act and Anti-Money Laundering programs.

In establishing a C.I.P., Section 326 dictates minimum, not maximum, standards.  Therefore, the measures taken by each financial institution will vary based on many factors.  With respect to the account, aspects will include the account type, the method by which it is opened (i.e., in person or electronically), and the identity verification information provided by the customer.  With respect to the institution, considerations will include its size, location, and customer base.

In activating a C.I.P., Section 326 dictates that it will occur anytime a new customer opens a new account.  However, it may also occur in varying degrees with existing customers and existing accounts.  The essence of the meaning of an account lies in ongoing relationships, not infrequent interactions.  It is defined as a formal relationship to provide or engage in services, dealings or other financial transactions.  The gist of the meaning of customer speaks to both individuals and entities, including estates and trusts.  It is defined as a person opening a new account and an individual who opens a new account for one who lacks legal capacity (i.e., a minor) or an entity that is not a legal person (i.e., a civic group).  Taken together, all of these factors and definitions should allow an institution to conclude that it has a reasonable belief as to a customer’s true identity.

Media Pa USA PATRIOT Act Privacy Rules – The Requirements

The hallmark of a C.I.P. should be flexibility.  Accordingly, the Joint Final Rule begins with the minimum steps for a C.I.P., and then allows each financial institution to develop its own C.I.P., which must be written and approved by the institution’s Board of Directors, by building upon those steps.  The four minimum steps to a CIP are verifying identities, keeping records, comparing lists, and notifying customers.

The 1st Step – Verifying Identities

The first element of a C.I.P is verifying identities.  This step is a two-pronged procedure – the customer provides identifying items and the financial institution validates those identifying items.

To satisfy the first prong, the customer (whether an individual or an entity) must provide three essential pieces of identifying items – name, address, and identification number (with a fourth requirement, date of birth, also required of individuals).

To satisfy the second prong, a financial institution’s C.I.P should specify by what methods (whether documentary proof and/or non-documentary confirmation) it will use to validate the customer’s identifying information.  Worthy of mention is the aspect that, although the Joint Final Rule specifically includes driver’s licenses and passports, it does not preclude other forms of identification.  Presently, however, some institutions only accept these two forms of identification.  Also of note is that the exact requirement of an identification number appears to be somewhat unsettled at this point.  Granted, with respect to estates and trusts, an Employer Identification Number is obligatory, but presently some institutions also require the individual fiduciary’s Social Security Number (as well as address and date of birth).  As a word of caution, the initial information provided to a financial institution for an estate or trust should be closely monitored to ensure that it is coded properly with the Employer Identification Number of the entity, and not the Social Security Number of the individual fiduciary.  Again, as the Joint Final Rule specifies only minimum requirements, it appears that these practices, which may be initially perceived as overreaching, are, in fact, not out of bounds.  The theme to keep in mind is that the financial institution is allowed to form a reasonable belief that it knows the true identity of the customer.

The 2nd Step – Keeping Records

The second element of a C.I.P is keeping records.  In other words, what measures must the financial institution take to document that the first step – verifying identities – was in fact performed.  The C.I.P rules contain a bifurcated record-keeping system.  The identifying information (i.e., name, address, and identification number, and, with individuals, date of birth) must be kept for five years after the account is closed, and all other information must be kept for five years after the record is made.

The 3rd Step – Comparing Lists

The third element of a C.I.P is comparing lists.  The C.I.P must include procedures for determining whether a customer appears on any list of known or suspected terrorist organizations issued by the federal government.  Although this requirement seems quite onerous upon first blush, financial institutions are not required to actively seek out any and all government lists.  Although no “Section 326 Government List” currently exists, it has been stated that the Department of the Treasury will create and provide a “Section 326 List” for the industry to use for this specific purpose.

The 4th Step – Notifying Customers

The fourth element of a C.I.P is notifying customers.  Every institution must provide customers with adequate notice that they are requesting information to verify their identities.  This notice can be either given to the customers on an individual basis, such as a handout, or on a collective basis, such as a placard displayed in the bank.  The statute also has sample language in the regulation that may be used.

Media Pa USA PATRIOT Act Privacy Rules – The Conclusion

The USA PATRIOT Act is a massive tome, with the commentary on it alone capable of filing a small warehouse.  I hope this note offers a little foothold to it.

Media Pa Probate Attorneys Guide

The Media Pa Probate Attorneys Guide is the core of this website. It consists of the best, most important articles, posts, and pages on this website. Their focus is to provide the best and most complete information on a particular topic, rather than to sell my services.

John B. Whalen, Jr., JD., LL.M., is an AV Peer Review Rated Preeminent 5.0 and Avvo Rated 10.0 Superb (obtaining over 95 client reviews and peer endorsements) premier and prestigious Attorney and Counselor at Law. He is located at 696 Pont Reading Road Ardmore Pa 19003. He serves all surrounding counties, on all 7 days, from 9:00 AM to 10:00 PM, and on evenings, weekends, and holidays. He provides free initial consults all seven days, provides home visits, and provides flat fee structures. He can be reached by email at [email protected], and by telephone at 1-484-417-6244. He has amassed over 60 prestigious and premier professional awards and over 5000 client reviews and endorsements. Mr. Whalen has achieved the AV Peer Review Rated Preeminent award from Martindale, AV Peer Judicial Preeminent award, the Avvo Rated Superb 10.00 award, the Avvo Rated Top Lawyer award, the Clients’ Choice Award, and the Top One Percent (1%) award. He is the recipient of the Legum Magister Post-Doctorate Degree (LL.M.) in Taxation (from the Villanova University School of Law), a recipient of the American Jurisprudence Award in Wills, Trusts, and Estates (from the Widener University School of Law), and a recipient of the ABA-BNA Law Award for Academic Excellence (from the Widener University School of Law).